Ngo-2017, iSiphepho esinamandla i-Irma sagudla iMiami-Dade kanye nayo yonke iNingizimu Florida.
Ngaso sonke isifunda, isigaba 4 iso lesiphepho sashaya i-Florida Keys eqhele ngamamayela ambalwa, futhi umthelela wesiphepho esishisayo wazwakala kahle kakhulu. Bekukubi ngokwanele: Umoya nemvula kulimaze uphahla, kugawulwe izihlahla nezintambo zikagesi, kanti ugesi waphela izinsuku eziningi - okudume kakhulu ukuthi izalukazi ezingu-12 eBroward County zigcine zisezindlini zasebekhulile zingenawo ugesi.
Kodwa-ke, ngasogwini lolwandle lwaseBiscayne Bay, i-Irma yayinemimoya elingana nesiphepho seSigaba 1 - esinamandla ngokwanele ukuthumela izinyawo ezingu-3 kuya ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-6 amanzi okugeza phezu kwamabhulokhi amaningana endaweni yaseMiami Brickell naseCoconut Grove, ecekela phansi izinsika, amadokodo nezikebhe. , imigwaqo egcwele izikhukhula izinsuku eziningi igcwele uLwandle lwaseBiscay namagobolondo, futhi yanqwabelanisa izikebhe zikaseyili nezinye izikebhe ngasogwini lwezindlu namagceke eNingizimu Bay Boulevard nasethekwini.
Imigudu evamise ukuphumela echwebeni igeleza ibuyele emuva njengoba igagasi lingena ezweni, ligcwele imiphakathi, imigwaqo kanye nasemakhaya.
Umonakalo odalwe izindonga zechweba ezihamba ngokushesha, nakuba zilinganiselwe ngobubanzi nobubanzi, ezimweni eziningi kwathatha iminyaka nezigidi zamaRandi ukulungisa.
Kodwa-ke, ukube isiphepho besinobukhulu namandla afanayo neSiphepho u-Yang, besiyodudula isiphepho esinamandla okungenani esingamafidi angu-15 ogwini lwase-Fort Myers Beach, sishaye ngokuqondile i-Key Biscayne kanye nezikhungo ezinabantu abaningi ezihlala eziqhingini ezivimbelayo ezisivikelayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi i-Biscayne Bay, i-Miami Beach, namadolobha asogwini anwebeka amamayela ambalwa enyakatho ngochungechunge lweziqhingi ezinezivikelo eziqinile.
Ochwepheshe baveza ukuthi ukukhathazeka komphakathi ngeziphepho kugxile kakhulu ekulimaleni komoya. Kodwa isiphepho esikhulu, esihamba kancane seSigaba 4 njengeSiphepho u-Yan sizodala ukuqhuma okuyinhlekelele eduze nogu lwe-Miami-Dade kanye namaphakathi nezwe kunemephu yengozi yokuqhuma kwe-Hurricane Center Irma ekhombisayo.
Ochwepheshe abaningi bathi i-Miami-Dade ihlala ingakulungele ngezindlela eziningi, ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba, njengoba siqhubeka sikhulisa izakhamuzi futhi sibhekana nokukhubazeka olwandle namanzi angaphansi komhlaba kusukela e-Miami Beach kuya e-Brickell naseNingizimu Miami-Dade. Izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba linyukile ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Izikhulu zikahulumeni ezifundeni nasemadolobheni asengozini zizazi kahle lezi zingozi. Amakhodi wokwakha asevele adinga izakhiwo ezintsha zokuhlala nezohwebo ezindaweni ezisengozini enkulu yokuphakama kwamagagasi ukuze ziphakanyiswe ukuze amanzi akwazi ukudlula kuzo ngaphandle kokuzilimaza. I-Miami Beach kanye ne-Biscayne Bay zisebenzise izigidi zamadola ngosizo lukahulumeni ukubuyisela ukuzivikela kwezindunduma nokuthuthukisa amabhishi ngasogwini lwe-Atlantic. Iziphathimandla zisebenzela izindlela ezintsha eziphefumulelwe imvelo zokunciphisa amandla eziphepho ezinamandla, ukusuka emanzini okwenziwa asogwini kuya eziqhingini ezintsha zomhlume kanye “nogu oluphilayo” eduze nechweba.
Kodwa ngisho nezixazululo ezingcono kakhulu zizoncipha kunokuba zimise imiphumela yeziphepho ezinamandla. Abaningi babo bakude. Kodwa-ke, bangawina kuphela iminyaka engaba ngu-30 ngaphambi kokuba amazinga olwandle akhuphuke acekele phansi izinqaba futhi. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinkulungwane zezindlu ezindala nezakhiwo eziphansi zihlala zisengozini enkulu yokwanda kwamandla kagesi.
“Lokho okubonayo eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeFlorida kusenze sakhathazeka kakhulu mayelana nokuba sengozini kwethu nokuthi yini okudingeka siyenze,” kusho u-Roland Samimi, isikhulu esiyinhloko sokutakula endaweni yaseBiscayne Bay, eyimitha nje engu-3. 4 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. kubavoti. AmaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-100 ekuxhaseni ngezimali okugunyazwe ukusekela amaphrojekthi amakhulu okuqina.
“Ungazivikela kuphela kumagagasi. Kuyohlala kunomthelela. Awusoze wakususa. Awukwazi ukuhlula igagasi.”
Lapho lesi siphepho esinamandla sihlasela i-Biscayne Bay esikhathini esizayo, amanzi anolaka azokhuphuka esuka endaweni ephakeme yokuqala: ngokusho kwezilinganiso ze-NOAA zamagagasi, amazinga olwandle asendaweni akhuphuke ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-100 kusukela ngo-1950. Akhuphuke ngama-intshi angu-8 futhi kulindeleke ukuzovuka. ngo-16 kuya ku-32 amayintshi ngo-2070, ngokusho kweSoutheast Florida Regional Climate Change Agreement.
Ochwepheshe bathi isisindo namandla amagagasi asheshayo namagagasi anamandla angalimaza izakhiwo, amabhuloho, amagridi kagesi kanye nezinye izingqalasizinda zomphakathi kunomoya, imvula nezikhukhula ezindaweni ezisengozini yaseMiami-Dade. Amanzi, hhayi umoya, ayimbangela yokufa kwabantu abaningi ngenxa yesiphepho. Yilokho kanye okwenzeka lapho iSiphepho u-Ian siphephula amanzi amaningi emabhishi aseCaptiva naseFort Myers eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeFlorida, futhi kwezinye izimo sangena ezindlini, emabhulohweni nakwezinye izakhiwo eziqhingini ezimbili ezivimbela imingcele. Abantu abangu-120, abaningi babo baminza.
"Amanzi anyakazayo anamandla amakhulu futhi yiwona adala umonakalo omkhulu," kusho uDennis Hector, uprofesa wezokwakha waseNyuvesi yaseMiami kanye nochwepheshe ekunciphiseni isiphepho nokuvuselelwa kwesakhiwo.
Amamephu avela esikhungweni seSiphepho abonisa ukuthi indawo yaseMiami ijwayele ukukhuphuka kunezindawo zaseFort Myers, futhi ngaphezu kwamadolobha asenyakatho yolwandle njengeFort Lauderdale noma iPalm Beach. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amanzi ase-Biscayne Bay awashoni kakhulu futhi angagcwala njengobhavu futhi aphuphume ngobudlova amamayela amaningi phakathi nezwe, ngaphesheya kwe-Biscayne Bay nangemuva kosebe lolwandle.
Ukujula okumaphakathi kwetheku kungaphansi kwamafidi ayisithupha. Indawo engashoni phansi yeBiscayne Bay yabangela ukuba amanzi anqwabelane futhi aziphakamele lapho isiphepho esinamandla sikhukhula amanzi ngasogwini. Imiphakathi ephansi engamakhilomitha angu-35 ukusuka echwebeni, okuhlanganisa i-Homestead, i-Cutler Bay, i-Palmetto Bay, i-Pinecrest, i-Coconut Grove, ne-Gables by the Sea, isengozini yezikhukhula ezimbi kakhulu eNingizimu Florida.
U-Penny Tannenbaum waba nenhlanhla uma u-Irma efika ogwini e-Coconut Grove: waphuma, futhi indlu yakhe e-Fairhaven Place, Bay Street emseleni, yayingamamitha ambalwa kuphela ukusuka ezikhukhuleni. Kodwa lapho efika ekhaya, kwakukhona unyawo olumile ngaphakathi. Iphansi, izindonga, ifenisha kanye namakhabethe kucekeleke phansi.
Iphunga—ingxube yodaka olunesikhunta nodaka olungcolile—lalingabekezeleleki. Usonkontileka ayemqashile ungene endlini egqoke isifihla-buso segesi. Imigwaqo ezungezile yayimbozwe ungqimba olubi lokungcola.
UTannenbaum uyakhumbula:
Sekukonke, isiphepho sabangela umonakalo ongaba ngu-$300,000 emzini nempahla kaTannenbaum futhi samgcina engekho endlini izinyanga ezingu-11.
Isibikezelo se-National Hurricane Centre se-Yan sibize amagagasi amakhulu eduze komzila oseNingizimu Miami-Dade ngaphambi nje kokuba indlela yesiphepho ijike enyakatho isuka eSouth Florida.
"I-Dadeland inamanzi yonke indlela eya e-US 1 nangaphezulu," kusho uBrian House, usihlalo womnyango wesayensi yasolwandle eJohnston School of Oceanographic and Atmospheric Sciences. Rosenthal eNyuvesi yaseMichigan, ophethe ilabhorethri yokubonisa ukukhuphuka kwesiphepho. "Lokho kuyinkomba enhle yokuthi sisengozini kangakanani."
Ukube u-Irma ubengashintshanga nendlela, umthelela wakhe ku-Miami-Dade ubuyoba mubi izikhathi eziningana, izibikezelo ziphakamisa.
Ngo-September 7, 2017, ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba u-Irma afike eFlorida, iNational Hurricane Centre yabikezela ukuthi isiphepho seSigaba 4 sasiyofika eningizimu yeMiami ngaphambi kokujikela enyakatho futhi sishanele ugu olusempumalanga yezwe.
Ukube u-Irma wahlala kule ndlela, iziqhingi ezivimbelayo njengeMiami Beach kanye ne-Key Biscayne ngabe zicwiliswe ngokuphelele ekuphakameni kwesiphepho. E-South Dade, amanzi ezikhukhula azokhukhula yonke iyintshi yase-Homestead, Cutler Bay kanye ne-Palmetto Bay empumalanga ye-US. 1, futhi ekugcineni weqe umgwaqo omkhulu ungene ezindaweni eziphansi ngasentshonalanga, okungathatha izinsuku noma amasonto ukuze zome. Umfula iMiami kanye nemisele eminingi eNingizimu Florida isebenza njengohlelo lwemigudu yamanzi ehlinzeka ngezindlela eziningi ukuze amanzi angene phakathi nezwe.
Kwenzeka ngaphambilini. Kabili ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, i-Miami-Dade ibone iziphepho ezinamandla njenge-Jan's on the Gulf Coast.
Ngaphambi kweSiphepho u-Andrew ngo-1992, irekhodi lokukhukhula kwesiphepho saseNingizimu Florida laliphethwe yisiphepho saseMiami esingashiwongo sango-1926, esaphusha amamitha angu-15 wamanzi ogwini lwezihlahla zikakhukhunathi. Isiphepho siphinde sageza amamitha ayisishiyagalombili kuya kwayisishiyagalolunye amanzi phansi e-Miami Beach. Imemo esemthethweni evela ehhovisi le-Miami Weather Service ibhala ubukhulu bomonakalo.
Ibhishi laseMiami laligcwele izikhukhula, futhi lapho amagagasi amakhulu afinyelela eMiami,” kubhala isikhulu sehhovisi uRichard Gray ngo-1926. izindawo izimoto zagqitshwa ngokuphelele. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa emuva kwesiphepho, kwambiwa imoto esihlabathini, phakathi okwakukhona owesilisa, umkakhe kanye nezidumbu zezingane ezimbili” .
Isiphepho u-Andrew, isivunguvungu seSigaba 5 nesingesinye seziqine kakhulu ezake zahlasela izwekazi lase-United States, sephule irekhodi lango-1926. Ekuphakameni kwesikhukhula, izinga lamanzi lafinyelela cishe kumafidi angu-17 ngaphezu kwezinga elivamile lolwandle, njengoba likalwa ungqimba lodaka olubekwe ezindongeni zesitezi sesibili sendlunkulu endala yaseBurger King, manje esePalmetto Bay. Igagasi licekele phansi isithabathaba sohlaka lwamapulangwe endaweni eseduze i-Dearing estate lashiya umkhumbi wokucwaninga ongamamitha angu-105 egcekeni lale mansion ku-Old Cutler Drive.
Nokho, u-Andrey wayeyisiphepho esincane. Ibanga lokuqhuma elikukhiqizayo, ngenkathi linamandla, lilinganiselwe kakhulu.
Kusukela lapho, inani labantu kanye nezindlu kuye kwanda kakhulu kwezinye zezindawo ezisengozini kakhulu. Eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, ukuthuthukiswa kudale izinkulungwane zamafulethi amasha, amafulethi emiphakathini ethandwa yizikhukhula yase-Edgewater ne-Brickell Miami, izindawo ezivame kakhulu yizikhukhula zaseCoral Gables nase-Cutler Bay, kanye ne-Miami Beach kanye ne-Sunshine Banks kanye ne-House Islands Beach. .
E-Brickell iyodwa, izikhukhula zezakhiwo ezintsha eziphakeme kakhulu zinyuse isibalo sabantu sisuka cishe ku-55,000 ngo-2010 saya ku-68,716 ekubalwa kwabantu kwango-2020. Idatha yokubalwa kwabantu ibonisa ukuthi ikhodi ye-zip 33131, enye yamakhodi amathathu e-zip amboze u-Brickell, iphindwe kane kumayunithi ezindlu phakathi kuka-2000 no-2020.
E-Biscayne Bay, inani lezakhamuzi zonyaka wonke lenyuke lisuka ku-10,500 ngo-2000 laya ku-14,800 ngo-2020, futhi isibalo sezindlu sikhule sisuka ku-4,240 saya ku-6,929. imisele, nenani labantu landa lisuka ku-7 000 liya ku-49 250 phakathi nenkathi efanayo. Kusukela ngo-2010, iCutler Bay yamukele izakhamuzi ezingaba ngu-5,000 futhi namuhla inesibalo sabantu abangaphezu kuka-45,000.
EMiami Beach nasemadolobheni anwebeka enyakatho eSunny Isles Beach naseGold Beach, inani labantu lahlala lizinzile unyaka wonke njengoba abasebenzi abaningi betoho bathenga izakhiwo ezintsha eziphakeme, kodwa inani lezindlu ngemuva kuka-2000 Inani labantu ngokusho kokubalwa kwabantu kuka-2020. abantu abangu-105,000.
Bonke bangaphansi kosongo lokuqhuma okunamandla futhi bakhishwa ngesikhathi kunesiphepho esinamandla. Kodwa ochwepheshe besaba ukuthi abanye bangase bangaluqondi ngokugcwele usongo olubangelwa ukwanda noma baqonde ama-nuances wedatha yesibikezelo. Njengoba izakhamuzi eziningi zisahlala ekhaya njengoba isiphepho sashuba ngokushesha futhi sancika eningizimu ngaphambi kokuwa, ukudideka noma ukuhunyushwa okungeyikho kokushintsha kwendlela okucatshangelwe ngayo uYang kungase kubambezele imiyalo yokuphuma kwe-Lee County futhi kugcine inani labashonile liphezulu.
I-UM's House yaphawula ukuthi izinguquko ezindleleni zesiphepho ezingamakhilomitha ambalwa nje zingenza umehluko phakathi kwesiphepho esibhubhisayo esifana nalesi esibonakale eFort Myers kanye nomonakalo omncane. Isiphepho u-Andrew saphenduka ngomzuzu wokugcina savalelisa abantu abaningi ekhaya endaweni yaso.
“U-Ian uyisibonelo esihle,” kusho uHouse. "Uma isondela noma yikuphi eduze nokubikezela izinsuku ezimbili kusukela manje, ngisho namamayela ayi-10 ukuya enyakatho, iPort Charlotte izobhekana nokuhlinzwa okuyinhlekelele kuneFort Myers Beach."
Ekilasini uthe, “Landela imiyalelo yokuphuma. Ungacabangi ukuthi isibikezelo sizoba siphelele. Cabanga ngokubi kakhulu. Uma kungenjalo, jabulani.”
Izinto ezimbalwa, okuhlanganisa isimo sendawo yendawo kanye nendlela yesiphepho, isivinini somoya kanye nobukhulu benkundla yomoya, kungaba nomthelela ekutheni uqine kangakanani nalapho uphusha khona amanzi, kusho u-House.
I-East Florida mancane amathuba okuthi ihlangabezane nesiphepho esiyingozi kunentshonalanga yeFlorida.
Ugu olusentshonalanga yeFlorida luzungezwe umhume ongashoni ongamamayela angu-150 owaziwa ngokuthi iWest Florida Shelf. NjengaseBiscayne Bay, wonke amanzi angashoni eduze kweGulf Coast aneqhaza ekukhuleni kweziphepho. Ogwini olusempumalanga, ngokuphambene, ishalofu lezwekazi linwebeka kuphela cishe imayela ukusuka ogwini endaweni yalo encane eduze komngcele wezifunda ze-Broward nePalm Beach.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi amanzi ajulile eBiscayne Bay kanye namabhishi angamunca amanzi amaningi abangelwa iziphepho, ngakho awangezi kangako.
Kodwa-ke, ngokwe-National Hurricane Centre's Storm Surge Risk Map, ingozi yamagagasi angaphezu kwamamitha angu-9 phakathi nesiphepho seSigaba 4 sizokwenzeka endaweni enkulu yogu lwezwekazi iSouth Miami-Dade e-Biscayne Bay, ezindaweni ezigudle uMfula iMiami, nase- izindawo ezahlukene. imisele, kanye nangemuva kweziqhingi ezivimbelayo njengeBiscayne Bay namabhishi. Eqinisweni, i-Miami Beach iphansi kune-waterfront, okwenza ibe sengozini enkulu yamagagasi njengoba uhamba ngaphesheya kwetheku.
Amamephu we-Splash avela ku-Hurricane Centre abonisa ukuthi isiphepho seSigaba 4 sizothumela amagagasi amakhulu amamayela amaningi phakathi nezwe kwezinye izindawo. Amanzi anamandla angakhukhula ohlangothini olusempumalanga yogu lwaseMiami kanye ne-Upper East Side yaseMiami, adlulele ngaphesheya koMfula iMiami aze afike e-Hialeah, akhukhule idolobhana laseCoral Gables empumalanga yomgwaqo u-Old Cutler ngamanzi angaphezu kwamamitha angu-9, zikhukhula iPinecrest futhi zihlasele Amakhaya epulazini laseMiami empumalanga.
Abahleli bedolobhana bathi iSiphepho u-Yan empeleni silethe ingozi engaba khona kubahlali baseBiscayne Bay, kodwa isiphepho sasuka ogwini olumaphakathi empumalanga ye-Orlando, eFlorida ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva. Ngemva kwesonto, isimo sezulu esiphazamisekile asishiya ngemuva sathumela "isitimela sezimpahla" olwandle eBiscayne Bay, ebelimele kakhulu, kusho umqondisi wokuhlelwa kwedolobhana uJeremy Kaleros-Gogh. Amagagasi ajikijela izinqwaba zesihlabathi kuzo zonke izindunduma, okwabuyisela iziphepho ezipholile, nasemaphethelweni amapaki nezindawo ezisogwini.
“Ebhishi laseBiscayne, abantu bayantweza ngendlela ongakaze uyibone,” kusho uCalleros-Goger.
Isikhulu saseSamimi esibhekelele ukusimama kwedolobha sanezela: “Ulwandle luhlukumezekile. Izakhamuzi zingakubona kahle lokhu. Abantu bayayibona. Akuyona ithiyori.”
Nokho, ochwepheshe bathi ngisho nemithetho, ubunjiniyela namakhambi emvelo angcono kakhulu ngeke kuqede izingozi ezisongela ukuphila kwabantu uma abantu bengakunaki njengokubalulekile. Bakhathazekile ngokuthi abantu abaningi bendawo sekuyisikhathi eside bazikhohlwa izifundo zika-Andrew, nakuba izinkulungwane zabasanda kufika zingakaze zihlangabezane nanoma yisiphi isiphepho sasezindaweni ezishisayo. Banovalo lokuthi abaningi bazoyishaya indiva imiyalo yokuphuma ezodinga ukuthi izinkulungwane zabantu zishiye amakhaya azo ngesikhathi kunesiphepho esikhulu.
IMeya yaseMiami-Dade uDaniella Levine Cava uthe unethemba lokuthi uhlelo lwesexwayiso kusenesikhathi ngeke lufake muntu enkingeni uma isiphepho esikhulu sisongela ukugadla. Ubalule ukuthi izindawo zokuhlinza zalolu hlelo zimakwe ngokucacile futhi isifunda sihlinzeka ngosizo ngendlela yokuthutha ehambisa izakhamuzi ezindaweni zokukhosela.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Nov-10-2022